Functions of pleadings

Functions of Pleadings

1. To Inform the Opposing Party of the Nature of the Claim or Defence

Pleadings serve to clearly set out the facts, legal grounds, and relief sought, enabling the other side to understand the case they have to meet. This ensures fairness by preventing surprise during trial. For example, in Palmer v Guadagni [1906] 2 Ch 494, it was emphasized that pleadings must convey to the other party the substance of the case being advanced against them.

2. To Define and Confine the Dispute to Specific Issues

Pleadings narrow down the scope of the case by identifying exactly which facts and legal questions are in contention. This prevents parties from introducing unrelated matters and ensures that litigation remains focused on the real points of disagreement.

3. To Place the Matters in Dispute on the Formal Record

By setting out the claims and defences in writing, pleadings create an official record of the matters in issue. This record is important both for the conduct of the trial and for any future appeal, as it shows precisely what was contested.

4. To Control the Course of the Proceedings

Once issues are defined in the pleadings, they guide the subsequent stages of litigation, including disclosure, witness statements, and trial strategy. The court and the parties use the pleadings as a roadmap to manage the progress of the case efficiently.

5. To Facilitate the Court’s Role and Protect the Rights of the Parties

Well-drafted pleadings assist the court in understanding the dispute and applying the correct legal principles. They also safeguard the procedural rights of the parties by ensuring that neither side is ambushed by new claims or defences raised without proper notice.

Talaka Tanzania

 Kufikia uamuzi wa kumaliza ndoa sio jambo rahisi. Ikiwa umefikia hatua ambapo talaka inaonekana kuwa chaguo pekee, ni muhimu kuelewa mchakato wa kisheria nchini Tanzania. Talaka hapa inahusisha hatua maalum zilizoundwa kuhimiza maridhiano kabla ya kuvunjika kwa ndoa.

1. Kumaliza Kila Njia ya Maridhiano

Kabla ya kuanza kesi ya talaka, jiulize:

Je, wewe na mwenzi wako mmejaribu kwa dhatu kutatua mizani kwa mazungumzo ya wazi?

Ikiwa majadiliano yameshindikana, je, mmejumuisha familia, wazee, au marafiki wa kuaminika kwa upatanishi? Wakati mwingine, mtazamo wa nje unaweza kusaidia usuluhishi.

Ikiwa njia hizi hazikufaulu, sheria inahitaji hatua zaidi kabla ya kuendelea.

2. Kuhudhuria Baraza la usuluhishi ya mambo ya ndoa

Sheria ya Tanzania inataka kwamba wanandoa lazima wahudhulie kwanza mbele ya Baraza la usuluhishi ya mambo ya ndoa kabla ya kufungua kesi ya talaka. Bodi hizi zimeundwa kusaidia wanandoa kutatua migogoro na kuchunguza uwezekano wa maridhiano.

Ikiwa upatanishi utashindwa, basi baraza litatoa cheti kuonyesha kuwa imeshindwa kuwapatanisha.

Sehemu ya 101 ya Sheria ya Ndoa inasema:

"101. Mahitaji ya kurejelea kwanza Bodi

Hakuna mtu atakayeweza kuomba talaka isipokuwa kwanza amepeleka mzozo wa ndoa au suala hilo kwa Bodi, na Bodi imethibitisha kuwa imeshindwa kuwapatanisha wahusika."

3. Kuanzisha Kesi ya Talaka Mahakamani

Baada ya hatua zote hapo juu na ndoa bado iko katika mgogoro, basi unaweza kuendelea na kufungua kesi mahakamani.

The Trustees' Incorporation Rules

CHAPTER 318

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION ACT

[SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION]

INDEX TO SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION

RULES

The Trustees' Incorporation Rules

RULES

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION RULES

(Section 31(2))

G.Ns. Nos.

165 of 1956

112 of 1992

118 of 1996

242 of 1997

246 of 2000

1. Citation

These Rules may be cited as the Trustees' Incorporation Rules, 1956.

2. Forms

The forms in the First Schedule hereto shall be used in all matters to which they

refer, or are capable of being applied or adapted, with such alterations and additions, if

any, as are necessary or desired and the Administrator-General allows.

3. Documents for which no form is prescribed

Documents for which no form is provided or to which the prescribed forms cannot

conveniently be adapted, shall be in such form as the Administrator-General shall direct

or allow, the prescribed forms being followed as nearly as the circumstances permit.

4. Documents to be in English

(1) All applications, returns and notifications shall be clearly and legibly written,

printed or typewritten in the English language.

(2) Where any copy of the constitution and rules of a body or association or of

any trust instrument or declaration of trust, required to be annexed to an application for

incorporation, is in any language other than English, there shall be furnished therewith a

verified translation of the same in English.

5. Signature of documents

(1) Every application for incorporation shall be signed by the trustee or by two or

more of the trustees, as the case may be.

(2) Any other application and every return and notification shall be signed by the

trustee or by at least two trustees, as the case may be.

6. Verification of copies and translations

A copy or translation of any document may be verified by the trustee or one of

the trustees, as the case may be, or by an advocate or notary public, or such other

person as the Administrator-General may approve, certifying the same to be a true copy

or translation of the original.

7. Fees

The fees set out in the third column of the Second Schedule hereto shall be charged for

the several matters set out in the second column of that Schedule.

FIRST SCHEDULE

FORMS

FORM T.I. 1

APPLICATION FOR INCORPORATION

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION ACT (CAP. 318)

(Rule 2)

I/WE ................................................................................................................................

(Insert full names, residences and postal addresses of trustees)

HEREBY APPLY for incorporation as a body corporate, and I/WE solemnly and sincerely

DECLARE as follows–

1. The proposed title of the body corporate is: ................................................................

2. The postal address of the proposed body corporate will be:

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

3. We are ordinarily resident in Tanzania:

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(Substitute "The following of us are ordinarily resident in Tanzania": where appropriate.)

4. The trusts to which we are subject are those contained in:

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(Refer to constitution and rules or trust instrument or declaration of trust)

5. The number of trustees may not be less than nor more than: .......................................

6. Persons cease to be trustees in the following circumstances:

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

7. New trustees may be appointed by:

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

8. The proposed device of the common seal is:

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

9. The common seal will only be affixed to documents in the presence of:

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

10. The following lands will vest in the proposed body corporate if and when incorporated:

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

11. Annexed to this application are verified copies of the following documents.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(Copies of any constitution and rules and of any trust instrument and declaration of trust

must be annexed.)

and I/we make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true and

by virtue of the Oaths and Statutory Declarations Act i*.

DECLARED at ......................................................................................

this ......................... day of ......................... 20........

before me

......................................................

Signature of Administrator-General

.............................................

Qualification

..............................................

Signature(s) of Applicant(s)

FORM T.I. 2

APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF A CHANGE OF NAME OF A BODY

CORPORATE

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION ACT (CAP. 318)

(Rule 2)

Application is hereby made for approval of the proposed change of the name of the body

corporate now known as .................................................................................................... to

....................................................................................................

Dated this ......................... day of ......................... 20........

.........................................

Signature(s)

FORM T.I. 3

NOTIFICATION OF A CHANGE OF NAME

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION ACT (CAP. 318)

(Rule 2)

Notice is hereby given that the body corporate formerly known as .....................................

.................................................. has, on the day of ........................................ changed its

name to ...........................................................................

Dated this ......................... day of ......................... 20........

.........................................

Signature(s)

FORM T.I. 4

NOTIFICATION OF A CHANGE OF OR CONCERNING THE TRUSTEES

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION ACT (CAP. 318)

(Rule 2)

Notice is hereby given that following change of or concerning the trustees constituting the

body corporate known as ..................................................................................... (Name of body

corporate) occurred on the ......................... day of .........................–

(Specify change) ............................................................................................................

2. The following are the present trustees–

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

(Give full names of all trustees at date of notice)

3. The trustees are ordinarily resident in Tanzania.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

(Substitute "The following trustees are ordinarily resident in Tanzania": where appropriate.)

Dated this ......................... day of ......................... 20........

.....................................

Signature(s)

FORM T.I. 5

RETURN OF TRUSTEES

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION ACT (CAP. 318)

(Rule 2)

The following are trustees of the body corporate known as ...............................................

................................................... (Name of body corporate)

Name Residence Postal Address

Dated this ......................... day of ......................... 20........

........................................

........................................

........................................

Signature(s)

FORM T.I. 6

NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE OF POSTAL ADDRESS

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION ACT (CAP. 318)

(Rule 2)

Notice is hereby given that the postal address of the body

corporate known as

......................................................................................................

....... (Name of body corporate) has, as from the

......................... day of ................................. been changed to

......................................................................................................

.....

Dated this ......................... day of ......................... 20........

.......................................

Signature(s)

FORM T.I. 7

NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE OF TRUST

THE TRUSTEES' INCORPORATION ACT (CAP. 318)

(Rule 2)

Notice is hereby given by ................................................................................... (Name

of body corporate) that the powers and duties of the trustees thereof, or their appointment and

tenure of office, or the trusts to which they are subject, have been changed, as follows–

Date of Change ........................................................

Form of Change

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

(Give details of resolutions, deed, order, etc., by which change was effected.)

Effect of Change

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

(Give full particulars of new provisions.)

Dated this ......................... day of ......................... 20........

.......................................

Signature(s)

SECOND SCHEDULE

FEES

Item No. Shs.

1. Application for Incorporation 100,000/-

2. Notification of any change of trust 20,000/-

3. Return of notification delivered to the Registrar-General 10,000/-

4. Certificate copy of any document in the Custody of the Registrar or any

extra therefrom 3,000/-

5. Application to inspect any application, certificate or other document 5,000/-

6. Application for consent to acquire any one parcel of land or other

property 20,000/-

7. Application made at the same time to acquire more than one parcel of

land for each additional parcel 15,000/-

8. For certifying any document or extract therefrom 3,000/-

9. For issue of duplicate certificate or any registration 5,000/-

iCap. 34